Perancangan dan Simulasi Antena Mikrostrip MIMO 4×4 Rectangular Patch dengan Double U-Slot dan DGS pada Frekuensi 26 GHz untuk Aplikasi 5G

Abstract: This paper proposes a microstrip antenna for fifth Generation (5G) technology with a carrier frequency of 26 GHz. Furthermore, the antenna is designed with double U-slots added to a rectangular patch using Defected Ground Structure (DGS) to increase the bandwidth and reduce mutual coupling. It is expected that the antenna has a directional radiation pattern and a linear polarization. For the feeding of the patch, the proximity coupled feed line method is used. The proximity coupled feed line is placed on a different substrate layer with the radiating element. The advantage of this feeding method is that it can increase the impedance bandwidth. The substrate material used is RT Duroid 5880, which is chosen because it can produce more oversized dimensions, work at high frequencies, and have a small material permittivity. The simulation results showed that the highest impedance bandwidth value is 1.6564 GHz, the mutual coupling value has a limit below -20 dB, and the gain value is 7,1151 GHz. Keywords: MilimeterWave, MIMO, double U-Slot, Defected Ground Structure, 5G   Abstrak: Artikel ini mengusulkan antena mikrostrip untuk teknologi generasi ke-5 (5G) dengan frekuensi carrier 26 GHz. Antena dirancang dengan tambahan double U-slot pada bagian patch-nya serta menggunakan metode Defected Ground Structure (DGS) untuk meningkatkan bandwidth dan mengurangi efek mutual coupling. Antena yang dirancang memiliki pola radiasi directional dan berpolarisasi secara linier. Untuk catuan ke patch, digunakan metode proximity coupled. Pencatu proximity di tempatkan pada lapisan substrat yang berbeda dengan elemen peradiasi. Kelebihan dari metode pencatuan ini adalah dapat meningkatkan bandwidth impedansi. Bahan substrat yang digunakan adalah RT Duroid 5880, bahan ini dipilih karena mampu digunakan untuk menghasilkan bentuk dimensi yang lebih besar dan dapat bekerja di frekuensi tinggi serta memiliki permitivitas bahan yang kecil. Hasil simulasi menunjukkan bahwa 1) nilai bandwidth impedansi tertinggi sebesar 1,6564 GHz, 2) nilai mutual coupling memiliki batas di bawah -20 dB, dan 3) nilai gain sebesar 7,1151 dB. Kata Kunci: milimeterWave, MIMO, double U-Slot, Defected Ground Structure, 5

Desain dan Implementasi Inverter Satu Fasa 400 Watt dengan Metode Switching High Frequency

This article proposes a design of 400 watt inverter with frequency of 50 Hz at voltage of 12 Vdc input and 220 Vac output. This inverter is designed to convert the Direct Current (DC) into Alternating Current (AC) voltage with the purpose to utilize DC electricity generated by renewable energy. Hence, the energy can be employed as the replacement of the commercial electricity. In this research, the inverter is designed with the use of Switching High Frequency (SHF) method as the amplifier system applied for step up input voltage. Besides, the proposed inverter also utilizes the Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) method as the driver resulting the output signal in the form of pure-sine-wave. Furthermore, the switching system for SHF method in this research employs Arduino nano as the control and EGS002 as the SPWM driver. To obtain the real data, the examination is performed with connecting the inverter directly to the load, e.g., bulb, fan, and solder. Finally, the examination and analysis of the implementation result confirm that the design works well and fulfills the expected specification. Hence, this inverter design can be expected to provide the scientific contribution and applied for renewable energy especially in Indonesia, and generally in the world. Keywords: Arduino, DC-AC Inverter, SHF, Solar Cell, SPW

Convergent Communication, Sensing and Localization in 6G Systems: An Overview of Technologies, Opportunities and Challenges

Herein, we focus on convergent 6G communication, localization and sensing systems by identifying key technology enablers, discussing their underlying challenges, implementation issues, and recommending potential solutions. Moreover, we discuss exciting new opportunities for integrated localization and sensing applications, which will disrupt traditional design principles and revolutionize the way we live, interact with our environment, and do business. Regarding potential enabling technologies, 6G will continue to develop towards even higher frequency ranges, wider bandwidths, and massive antenna arrays. In turn, this will enable sensing solutions with very fine range, Doppler, and angular resolutions, as well as localization to cm-level degree of accuracy. Besides, new materials, device types, and reconfigurable surfaces will allow network operators to reshape and control the electromagnetic response of the environment. At the same time, machine learning and artificial intelligence will leverage the unprecedented availability of data and computing resources to tackle the biggest and hardest problems in wireless communication systems. As a result, 6G will be truly intelligent wireless systems that will provide not only ubiquitous communication but also empower high accuracy localization and high-resolution sensing services. They will become the catalyst for this revolution by bringing about a unique new set of features and service capabilities, where localization and sensing will coexist with communication, continuously sharing the available resources in time, frequency, and space. This work concludes by highlighting foundational research challenges, as well as implications and opportunities related to privacy, security, and trust

ファクターグラフを用いた未知の電波発信源位置検出技術

Supervisor:松本　正情報科学研究科博

A new wireless geolocation technique using joint RSS-based voronoi and factor graph

This paper proposes a new joint received signal strength (RSS)-based Voronoi and factor graph (RVFG) for wireless geolocation technique. The RSS-based Voronoi (RV) geolocation technique is used to select the appropriate four monitoring spots of RSS-based factor graph (RFG) covering the target. The RV technique is also used to provide the initial position of RFG technique. We modify the Voronoi geolocation algorithm so that it can be performed in the fusion center. The performance of the proposed technique is compared in term of the root mean square (RMSE) to that of the conventional RV only technique. The results show that the accuracy of the proposed technique out performs the conventional RV technique

A new DOA-based factor graph geolocation technique for detection of unknown radio wave emitter position using the first-order Taylor series approximation

This paper proposes a new geolocation technique to improve the accuracy of the position estimate of a single unknown (anonymous) radio wave emitter. We consider a factor graph (FG)-based geolocation technique, where the input are the samples of direction-of-arrival (DOA) measurement results sent from the sensors. It is shown that the accuracy of the DOA-based FG geolocation algorithm can be improved by introducing approximated expressions for the mean and variance of the tangent and cotangent functions based on the first-order Taylor series (TS) at the tangent factor nodes of the FG. This paper also derives a closed-form expression of the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) for DOA-based geolocation, where the number of samples is taken into account. The proposed technique does not require high computational complexity because only mean and variance are to be exchanged between the nodes in the FG. It is shown that the position estimation accuracy with the proposed technique outperforms the conventional DOA-based least square (LS) technique and that the achieved root mean square error (RMSE) is very close to the theoretical CRLB

A New RSS-based Wireless Geolocation Technique Utilizing Joint Voronoi and Factor Graph

This paper proposes a new joint received signal strength (RSS)-based Voronoi and factor graph (RVFG) wireless geolocation technique. The RSS-based Voronoi (RV) technique is used to provide the initial position for the RSS-based factor graph (RFG) technique. The initial point obtained by the RV is used to select the appropriate four monitoring spots which are covering the target for the RFG. We also modify the RV so that it can be performed in the fusion center. The proposed technique is tested in outdoor environment where only path-loss is taken into account. The performance of the proposed technique in term of the root mean square (RMSE) is compared to that of the conventional RV only technique. The results show that the accuracy of the proposed technique outperforms the conventional RV technique

A hybrid TOA and RSS-based factor graph for wireless geolocation technique

This paper proposes a new hybrid time-of-arrival (TOA) and received-signal-strength (RSS)-based factor graph (TRFG) for wireless geolocation technique. The TOA-based FG (TFG) provides rough estimated position which is used to select the most appropriate monitoring spot positions, i.e., at least four monitoring spots surrounding the target, and initial target position for RSS-based FG (RFG) technique. The performance of the proposed technique is verified through making comparison with the conventional TFG-only technique suffering from imperfect time synchronization, as well as with the idealistic RFG technique, in terms of the root mean squared error (RMSE) of the estimate. It is shown that the RFG technique utilizing the result of TFG achieves close performance to the idealistic RFG technique where the optimal monitoring spots are assumed to be always correctly identified. Hence, the proposed technique outperforms the TFG-only technique in terms of estimation accuracy

Integrated factor graph algorithm for DOA-based geolocation and tracking

Abstract This paper proposes a new position tracking algorithm by integrating extended Kalman filter (EKF) and direction-of-arrival (DOA)-based geolocation into one factor graph (FG) framework. A distributed sensor network is assumed for detecting an anonymous target, where the process and observation equations in the state space model (SSM) are unknown. Importantly, the predicted state information can be utilized not only for filtering, but also for enhancing the observation process. To be specific, by taking the prediction into account as the a priori, a new FG scheme is proposed for GEolocation, denoted by FG-GE. The benefits are two-fold, compared with the conventional geolocation scheme which does not rely on the a priori information. First of all, significant performance improvement can be observed, in terms of the root mean square error (RMSE), when severe sensing errors are suddenly encountered. Furthermore, the proposed FG-GE can achieve dramatic reduction of computational complexity. In addition, this paper also proposes the use of a predicted Cramer-Rao lower bound (P-CRLB) to dynamically estimate the observation error variance, which demonstrates more robust tracking performance than that with only fixed average variance approximation

A DOA-based factor graph technique for 3D multi-target geolocation

Abstract The primary goal of this paper is to propose a new factor graph (FG) technique for the direction-of-arrival (DOA)-based three-dimensional (3D) multi-target geolocation. The proposed FG detector uses only the mean and the variance of the DOA measurement including both the azimuth and the elevation, assuming that they are suffering from errors following a Gaussian probability density function (PDF). Therefore, both the up-link (UL) transmission load and the detection complexity can be significantly reduced. The Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) of the proposed DOA-based 3D geolocation system is mathematically derived. According to the root mean square error (RMSE) results obtained by simulations, the proposed FG algorithm is found to outperform the conventional linear least square (LS) approach, which achieves a very close performance to the derived CRLB. Moreover, we propose a sensor separation algorithm to solve the target-DOAs matching problem such that the DOAs, measured by each sensor, can be matched to their corresponding targets. With this technique, additional target identification is not needed, and the multi-target geolocation can be decomposed into multiple independent single-target detections